全文获取类型
收费全文 | 204878篇 |
免费 | 2403篇 |
国内免费 | 558篇 |
学科分类
工业技术 | 207839篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 2029篇 |
2019年 | 1997篇 |
2018年 | 3678篇 |
2017年 | 3715篇 |
2016年 | 3996篇 |
2015年 | 2233篇 |
2014年 | 3781篇 |
2013年 | 8737篇 |
2012年 | 5676篇 |
2011年 | 7216篇 |
2010年 | 5854篇 |
2009年 | 6486篇 |
2008年 | 6612篇 |
2007年 | 6492篇 |
2006年 | 5572篇 |
2005年 | 5121篇 |
2004年 | 4631篇 |
2003年 | 4554篇 |
2002年 | 4368篇 |
2001年 | 4474篇 |
2000年 | 4185篇 |
1999年 | 4200篇 |
1998年 | 10184篇 |
1997年 | 7163篇 |
1996年 | 5326篇 |
1995年 | 4103篇 |
1994年 | 3576篇 |
1993年 | 3819篇 |
1992年 | 2953篇 |
1991年 | 2970篇 |
1990年 | 2880篇 |
1989年 | 2827篇 |
1988年 | 2845篇 |
1987年 | 2477篇 |
1986年 | 2550篇 |
1985年 | 2832篇 |
1984年 | 2673篇 |
1983年 | 2532篇 |
1982年 | 2282篇 |
1981年 | 2252篇 |
1980年 | 2332篇 |
1979年 | 2346篇 |
1978年 | 2365篇 |
1977年 | 2478篇 |
1976年 | 2872篇 |
1975年 | 2183篇 |
1974年 | 2062篇 |
1973年 | 2155篇 |
1972年 | 1933篇 |
1971年 | 1744篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 207 毫秒
951.
Nd doped fluoroapatites SrxCa5−x(PO4)3F(SxC5−xPF, X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) single crystals have been grown by the Czochralski technique. Their polarized absorption and emission spectra have been recorded at room temperature and used to calculate the absorption and stimulated emission cross sections. Broadening of the absorption and emission bands is observed for Nd3+ in the solid solutions SPF-CPF compared to Nd3+ in CPF or SPF. 1% Nd:SxC5−xPF, X = 0, 2, 3, 4, and 5, laser rods have been tested in a cavity longitudinally pumped by a 1 W AlGaAs laser diode and compared to Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO4 rods. All fluoroapatites exhibit very good laser performance with low thresholds and high slope efficiencies, higher than in the case of YAG and equal to the YVO4 samples. The dependance of the laser output power versus the diode temperature has also been measured for all materials. The laser output was found to be as sensitive to the diode temperature fluctuations for fluoroapatites as for YAG. 相似文献
952.
Wu Ting M. Badaye T. Morishita N. Koshizuka S. Tanaka 《Journal of Superconductivity》1996,9(6):637-645
Recently, superconducting Nd1Ba2Cu3Oy (Ndl23) thin films with high superconducting transition temperature (T
c) have been successfully fabricated at our institute employing the standard laser ablation method. In this paper, we report the results of surface characterization of the Nd123 thin films using an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope/spectroscopy (UHV-STM/STS) and an atomic force microscope (AFM) system operated in air. Clear spiral pattern is observed on the surfaces of Nd123 thin films by STM and AFM, suggesting that films are formed by two-dimensional island growth mode. Contour plots of the spirals show that the step heights of the spirals are not always the integer or half-integer number of thec-axis parameter of the structure. This implies that the surface natural termination layer of the films may not be unique. This result is supported byI-V STS measurements. The surface morphology of the Nd123 thin films is compared with that of thec-axis-oriented Y1Ba2Cu3Sy thin films. Surface atomic images of the as-prepared Nd123 thin films are obtained employing both STM and AFM. STS measurements show that most of the surfaces are semiconductive. The results of STS measurements together with the fact that we are able to see the surface atomic images using scanning probe microscopes suggest that exposure to air does not cause serious degradation to the as-prepared surfaces of Nd123 thin films. 相似文献
953.
J. N. Moreira L. M. Almeida C. F. Geraldes M. L. Costa 《Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine》1996,7(5):301-303
Aiming at encapsulation of a hydrosoluble drug, large unilamellar liposomes (LUV) of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) were coated with a natural polysaccharide derivative, O-palmitoylpullulan (OPP), and its in vitro stability evaluated using fluorescent probes. This coating (in OPP/PC weight ratio of 3) improved significantly the in vitro stability of LUV by decreasing both the permeability and fluidity of the liposomal membrane.This paper was accepted for publication after the 1995 Conference of the European Society of Biomaterials, Oporto, Portugal, 10–13 September. 相似文献
954.
Describes advanced protocols for the discrimination and classification of neuronal spike waveforms within multichannel electrophysiological recordings. The programs are capable of detecting and classifying the spikes from multiple, simultaneously active neurons, even in situations where there is a high degree of spike waveform superposition on the recording channels. The protocols are based on the derivation of an optimal linear filter for each individual neuron. Each filter is tuned to selectively respond to the spike waveform generated by the corresponding neuron, and to attenuate noise and the spike waveforms from all other neurons. The protocol is essentially an extension of earlier work (S. Andreassen et al., 1979; W.M. Roberts and D.K. Hartline, 1975; R.B. Stein et al., 1979). However, the protocols extend the power and utility of the original implementations in two significant respects. First, a general single-pass automatic template estimation algorithm was derived and implemented. Second, the filters were implemented within a software environment providing a greatly enhanced functional organization and user interface. The utility of the analysis approach was demonstrated on samples of multiunit electrophysiological recordings from the cricket abdominal nerve cord 相似文献
955.
Three plain weave fabric composite analysis models are presented for the prediction of the on-axes thermal expansion coefficients. These are two-dimensional models in the sense that the actual strand cross-sectional geometry, strand undulation and the presence of a gap between the adjacent strands are taken into account. In the first two models, termed refined models, the representative unit cell is discretised into slices and elements and analysed. In the third method, a closed-form solution is presented. In this case, the representative unit cell is idealised as a crossply laminate and analysed. The relative merits and demerits of the models are also discussed. The predicted results are compared with the experimental values. A good correlation is observed. 相似文献
956.
Dynamic web sites commonly return information in the form of lists and tables. Although hand crafting an extraction program for a specific template is time-consuming but straightforward, it is desirable to automatically generate template extraction programs from examples of lists and tables in html documents. Supervised approaches have been shown to achieve high accuracy, but they require manual labelling of training examples, which is also time consuming. Fully unsupervised approaches, which extract rows and columns by detecting regularities in the data, cannot provide sufficient accuracy for practical domains. We describe a novel technique, Post-supervised Learning, which exploits unsupervised learning to avoid the need for training examples, while minimally involving the user to achieve high accuracy. We have developed unsupervised algorithms to extract the number of rows and adopted a dynamic programming algorithm for extracting columns. Our method achieves high performance with minimal user input compared to fully supervised techniques. 相似文献
957.
R. N. Stolbunov S. A. Chichikov A. G. Lundin 《Instruments and Experimental Techniques》2005,48(6):742-746
A pulse sequence generator for NMR relaxometer is described. The operation mode is loaded into the internal memory of the device by a program from a personal computer via a PCI bus. The project is realized on two MAX7000S and Cyclone (Altera) chips using the Qartus II 4.0 software. The basic parameters of the device are as follows: the minimal pulse length is 50 ns, the time resolution is 10 ns, the maximum number of pulses is 1024, and the number of controlled output channels is 8. This device, operating in the automatic mode as part of the hardware-software NMR system, makes possible recording, processing, and storing experimental results in electronic form. 相似文献
958.
A vibration-acoustic method for diagnostics and monitoring of production processes such as cutting metals makes it possible
compared with other methods to reduce the requirement for measuring equipment and it provides a computer representation of
the results observed. The set of equipment suggested has low cost and it exhibits considerable flexibility compared with existing
equipment.
__________
Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 7, pp. 30–34, July, 2006. 相似文献
959.
960.
In the framework of joint effort between the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of OECD, the United States Department of Energy (US DOE), and the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA), France a coupled three-dimensional (3D) thermal-hydraulics/neutron kinetics benchmark for VVER-1000 was defined. The benchmark consists of calculation of a pump start-up experiment labelled V1000CT-1 (Phase 1), as well as a vessel mixing experiment and main steam line break (MSLB) transient labelled V1000CT-2 (Phase 2), respectively. The reference nuclear plant is Kozloduy-6 in Bulgaria. The overall objective is to assess computer codes used in the analysis of VVER-1000 reactivity transients. A specific objective is to assess the vessel mixing models used in system codes. Plant data are available for code validation consisting of one experiment of pump start-up (V1000CT-1) and one experiment of steam generator isolation (V1000CT-2). The validated codes can be used to calculate asymmetric MSLB transients involving similar mixing patterns. This paper summarizes a comparison of CATHARE and TRAC-PF1 system code results for V1000CT-1, Exercise 1, which is a full plant point kinetics simulation of a reactor coolant system (RCS) pump start-up experiment. The reference plant data include integral and sector average parameters. The comparison is made from the point of view of vessel mixing and full system simulation. CATHARE used a six-sector multiple 1D vessel thermal-hydraulic model with cross flows and TRAC used a six-sector, 18-channel coarse-mesh 3D vessel model. Good agreement in terms of integral parameters and inter-loop mixing is observed. 相似文献